Flexural Reinforcement of Glulam Timber Beam and Joints with CFRP Rods

Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composites have been largely used in combination with masonry and concrete structural elements in the last decade. Recent applications showed that new advantages may be achieved also in the field of timber structures, even if currently steel fasteners are mainly used in connecting systems. This study investigated the possibility of using Carbon FRP (CFRP) rods as glued-in reinforcement of glulam beams, and as glued-in connectors for glulam timber head joints that should transfer flexural moment between two adjacent beams. Half-scale beams were tested, with and without the presence of FRP reinforcement. Flexural behavior of CFRP-reinforced beams was compared with unreinforced beams that were used as control specimens. Two different amounts of CFRP reinforcement were used in the beam section. Experimental results showed a significant influence of the CFRP rods, since the reinforced beams had an increase in ultimate capacity and stiffness. Experimental results were also compared with numerical analysis which showed good accordance, with regard to the load and deflection values. Full-size head joints were prepared and tested. Flexural behavior of joints was compared with the mechanical properties of mono-piece beams that were used as reference specimens. Three different force transfer lengths were used for the construction of CFRP-timber joints. Experimental results showed that the use of CFRP rods in timber joints was successful since the capacity of the CFRP-jointed beams was almost the same as the monolithic beams for the longest bond length that was adopted. This result is important in order to find an adequate alternative to traditional joints made with steel bolts and plates that are not able to create rigid connections, increase dramatically the weight of timber structures, and may be subjected to corrosion in aggressive environment. A numerical modeling based on the virtual work principle was also conducted and theoretical results were found in good accordance with the experimental results for the tested joints.