Investigation of Inversion Domains in GaN by Electric-Force Microscopy

Inversion domains in III-nitride semiconductors degrade the performance of devices fabricated in them. Consequently, it is imperative that we understand their electrostatic manifestation, the growth conditions under which such domains form, and an effective means of their identification. In what is nominally referred to as Ga-polarity samples, N-polarity domains have a polarization that is reversed with respect to the remainder of the surface, and therefore, have a different potential under strain. We have used surface-potential electric-force microscopy ~SP-EFM! to image the electrostatic surface potential of GaN grown on sapphire, which is strained due to the thermal mismatch between the substrate and GaN. Employing a control sample with side-by-side Ga- and N-polarity regions, we have established the EFM mode necessary to identify inversion domains on GaN samples grown by molecular-beam epitaxy. This method is not sensitive to topology and has a spatial resolution of under 100 nm. The measured surface potentials for Ga-face and N-face regions are 125610 and 230610 mV, respectively, with respect to the sapphire substrate, where the sign is consistent with Ga- and N-polarity GaN under compressive strain due to thermal mismatch with the sapphire substrate.