Analysis of the variability of systematic errors in ADC-based instruments

The paper deals with the problem of assessing the uncertainty due to systematic errors, especially in ADC or ADC-based instruments. The problem of defining and assessing systematic errors is briefly discussed, and the conceptual scheme of gage repeatability & reproducibility is adopted. Experiments are conducted in various conditions, and it is shown that modeling the variability of systematic errors is more problematic than the model suggested in the ISO 5725 norm. The solution to the problem of assessing the overall uncertainty is suggested through an in-depth analysis of all the separate causes of variations in measurements.