From ion-sensitive field-effect transistor to 2D materials field-effect-transistor biosensors

Field-effect transistors have strong applications in biosensing field from pH and glucose monitoring to genomics, proteomics, cell signaling assays, and biomedical diagnostics in general. Notable advantages are the high sensitivity (thanks to intrinsic amplification), quick response (useful for real-time monitoring), suitability for miniaturization, and compact portable read-out systems. The initial concept of ion-sensitive field-effect transistors evolved with the emergence of novel classes of materials beyond traditional semiconductors. Recently, 2D nanomaterials are redesigning the field providing superior performances with large surface-to-volume ratio, high carrier mobility, more effective local gating, high transconductance, and operation at low voltages. Here, after a brief conceptual introduction, we review progresses and perspectives of 2D materials field-effect-transistor biosensors with special focus on opportunities,most recent applications, present challenges, and future perspectives.