Sandy beaches within meta-social-ecological systems: An integrated framework for ecology, management, and conservation

Sandy beaches are dynamic ecosystems embedded within broader meta-social-ecological systems (M-SES), shaped by cross-ecosystem flows, trophic connectivity, and multiscale human pressures. Here, we develop an integrated M-SES framework to advance the understanding, management, and conservation of sandy beaches as interconnected nodes within wider meta-ecological networks. We synthesize key patterns of metapopulation structure, metacommunity dynamics, and meta-ecosystem processes, highlighting the pivotal role of sandy beaches in sustaining regional biodiversity, energy fluxes, and ecosystem functioning. While interconnections across the Littoral Active Zone (LAZ)-comprising dunes, beaches, and surf zones-underpin local ecosystem functioning, meta-ecosystem processes arise from exchanges between the LAZ and adjacent systems (e.g., estuaries, reefs, nearshore pelagic zones). These connections are increasingly disrupted by both local and cross-realm stressors. We introduce the concept of meta-deposits, framing sandy beaches as dynamic sinks and redistribution hubs for contaminants transported by oceanographic and atmospheric processes. Local stressors (e. g., trampling, sand mining) and cross-realm pressures (e.g., coastal squeeze, plastic pollution, climate change) interact with governance deficits, intensifying ecosystem degradation and undermining biodiversity, ecosystem services, and coastal resilience. The M-SES framework fosters multiscale, adaptive governance by integrating ecological connectivity with institutional and social dimensions. Key strategies include strengthening polycentric governance, promoting nature-based solutions, enhancing resilience through participatory mechanisms, and incorporating cross-realm connectivity into spatial planning where appropriate. Emerging tools-such as environmental DNA, remote sensing, and social-ecological modeling-offer powerful means to monitor biodiversity, track ecosystem change, and support evidence-based decision-making. Finally, we identify critical research priorities to refine meta-ecological applications in sandy beach systems, including improved understanding of dispersal, energy fluxes, biotic interactions, and cumulative anthropogenic stressors. Advancing an integrated M SES approach is essential to sustain the ecological integrity, biodiversity, and societal benefits of sandy beaches in the face of accelerating global change.